In space, fluids won’t drain, and astronauts develop red, puffy faces and complain of congestion or pressure in their ears

There are worse effects, too: 40 percent of the astronauts who lived on the International Space Station suffered some sort of damage to their eyes, including optic disc edema, globe flattening, and folds in the choroid, the blood-filled layer between the retina and the white sclera. NASA posits intracranial pressure is a possible explanation for what it calls “spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome,” and devised the test to measure fluid shifts to astronauts’ heads and eyes.

Further studies involving twin brothers, Scott and Mark Kelly, have led to questioning the viability of long-duration human spaceflight.

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